Sok olvasó kérdezte miért is használjon R-t, hiszen a Python nyelv ideális nyelvészek számára, nem beszélve az nltk-ról. Senkit sem szeretnék lebeszélni megszokott eszközeinek használatáról, de vannak esetek amikor az R használata egyszerűbb, természetesebb és hatékonyabb. Most azt szeretném bemutatni miért érdemes elgondolkodni más eszközök használatáról is.
Az nltk dizájn hátrányai
Eddig a legjobb cikk amivel találkoztam az nltk mögötti dizájn filozófiáról Edward Loper NLTK: Building a Pedagogical Toolkit in Python című írása. Érdekes milyen követelményeket vettek figyelembe a rendszer tervezése során:
- könnyű használhatóság
- konzisztencia
- bővíthetőség
- dokumentáció
- egyszerűség
- modularitás
Nyilván ezeket minden rendszernél szeretjük látni. De ne feledjük hogy gyakran kell kompromisszumokat kötnünk hogy az elkészült rendszer pl gyors legyen, vagy “állja a sarat” nagy igénybevétel esetén is. Azonban az nltk egy pedagógiai céllal készült eszköz. Loper éppen ezért emeli ki írásában hogy milyen követelményeknek nem kell megfelelnie az nltk-nak. Nézzük mik is ezek:
- nem kell mindenre kiterjedő, átfogó rendszert alkotni
- a teljesítményt épp annyira kell optimalizálni hogy diák projekteket lehessen kivitelezni vele
- okoskodás, a fenti ponthoz kapcsolódva nem trükkös hack-kek sorával kell tuningolni a programokat, hanem tiszta átlátható implementációt kell készíteni (hogy a diákok láthassák a forráskódban miképp valósítottak meg egy-egy elképzelést)
Szerencsére az nltk annyira jól sikerült hogy nem igazán vesszük észre “hiányosságait”, sőt egyes moduljait az iparban is felhasználják (habár itt figyelembe kell venni hogy a nyílt forráskódot módosítják néha a jobb teljesítmény elérése érdekében).
Milyen követelményeknek kell megfelelnie egy számítógépes nyelvészetben használt programozási nyelvnek?
Erre a kérdésre mindenki máshogy válaszolna nyilván, sőt úgy tűnik az ipar letette a voksát a Java mellett (követve az IT egész világát). Természetesen akadnak kivételek és sok számítógépes nyelvészeti feladatot egyszerűen túl bonyolult Java-ban elvégezni. Ha a mesterséges intelligencia felől közelítjük meg a kérdést (hiszen tekinthetjük kedvenc tudományunkat az AI egy részterületének is), akkor sokaknak rögtön eszébe jutnak az olyan egzotikus nyelvek mint a LISP, Scheme, Prolog. Nem véletlenül, a mesterséges intelligencia programozás klasszikusa, Norvig PAIP-ja kora ellenére még ma is kötelező olvasmány ezen a területen, még ma is hatással van a kezdőkre és profikra egyaránt. Ebben nagy érdekes követelményeket fogalmaz meg a szerző egy AI programozásban hasznos nyelvvel szemben:
- built-in support for lists
- automatic storage management
- dynamic typing
- first-class functions
- uniform syntax
- interactive environment
- extensibility
- history
A listára ma is rábólintunk, talán két dolgot tennénk hozzá. Egyrészt nem szégyenkezzünk, számít a gyorsaság. Másrészt már a könyv publikálásakor is feljövőben volt a sztochasztikus megközelítés amely mára az uralkodó paradigmává vált, így joggal kérhetjük ideális nyelvünktől hogy tegye könnyűvé életünk és támogassa a különböző statisztikai függvényeket (ne kelljen már annyit gépelnünk) és adatstruktúrákat.
A Python nyelv az eredeti nyolc pontból hét és félnek megfelel (lehet hogy egy csak az én személyes véleményem, de a 4. pontnak csak részben felel meg a pythonos lambdázás). A további két kritériumnak is megfeleltethetjük a kígyós nyelvet, de ehhez ki kell használnunk bővíthetőségét. A statisztikai elemzéshez és bonyolultabb adatstruktúrák létrehozásához szükségünk lehet a numpy/scipy csomagra, ezek használata kezdő kezekben bizony nagy teljesítmény csökkenéshez vezethet, nem beszélve hogy a nyelv “magján kívül” egy új csomagot kell elsajátítanunk.
Összegzés
Mind a Python, mind az nltk hasznos és sokoldalú eszközök, de dizájnjukból fakadóan nem felelnek meg az általunk felállított kritériumoknak. A következő részben végre rátérünk arra hogy az R miért is ideális nyelvészeti elemzésekre, de persze semmi sem tökéletes, az R-nek is vannak hátrányai!
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